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- <text id=89TT2473>
- <title>
- Sep. 25, 1989: Returning Bones Of Contention
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
- Sep. 25, 1989 Boardwalk Of Broken Dreams
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- ETHICS, Page 61
- Returning Bones of Contention
- </hdr><body>
- <p>A bitter debate over spiritual values and scholarly needs
- </p>
- <p> Arriving at work one day, a Wasp lawyer for Washington's
- Smithsonian Institution finds a carton on her desk. She is
- stunned. Inside the box are some clumps of dirt and a note
- proposing that the contents -- the remains of her grandparents,
- freshly dug up from a New England cemetery -- be put on display
- by the museum. The sender is a part-Navajo conservator at the
- institution, furious that such a fate has befallen the bones of
- his ancestors.
- </p>
- <p> That grisly episode (from Tony Hillerman's novel Talking
- God) is fictional, but it epitomizes the tensions in a dilemma
- that confronts curators, anthropologists and those Native
- Americans who angrily oppose them. To many scholars, and to much
- of the museum-going public, the Indian bones and burial
- artifacts are valuable clues to humanity's past. But to many
- Indians, these relics are sacred and the archaeologists who have
- appropriated them no better than grave robbers.
- </p>
- <p> Last week the Smithsonian signed a landmark agreement with
- leaders of two national Indian organizations that both sides
- hope will help defuse the issue. The institution, which has
- 18,500 human remains and thousands of other burial artifacts,
- agreed to inventory its collection. Remains that can be clearly
- identified as belonging to an individual or a surviving tribe
- as well as all burial artifacts will be offered to the Native
- Americans for reburial. In return the Indians dropped their
- demand that the Smithsonian surrender all its remains, many of
- whose origins are unknown.
- </p>
- <p> For the Indians, said Walter Echo-Hawk, senior counsel for
- the Native American Rights Fund, the agreement marks the
- "beginning of the end of their spiritual nightmare." In fact,
- some scholarly institutions have gone further: Stanford
- University has consented to return an entire collection of
- skeletal remains of 550 Indians, most of them from the Ohlone
- tribe, to their descendants. Nonetheless, many curators and
- anthropologists are worried that a sweeping national policy
- would empty museums across the land. Scholars argue that
- preserved skeletons and other human artifacts, particularly
- those of great antiquity, provide essential information on
- problems ranging from the organization of tribal societies to
- the origin of certain diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis.
- </p>
- <p> To that argument, Native Americans answer that 1) most of
- the unearthed Indian bones lie moldering and unexamined in
- museum basements; and 2) little if any data gathered from their
- study are shared with the descendants. According to Suzan Shown
- Harjo, executive director of the National Congress of American
- Indians, the only bit of information the Smithsonian ever
- imparted to her group was that their ancestors ate corn. "We
- could have told them that anyway," says Harjo, citing the
- accuracy of Indian oral tradition.
- </p>
- <p> Returning Indian remains to the proper heirs is not always
- easy. What contemporary group, asks David Hurst Thomas of New
- York City's American Museum of Natural History, can speak for
- a tribe that no longer exists? "If we find things from 10,000
- years ago," he says, "it becomes tricky." Another potential
- problem: misidentified remains of one tribe might be returned
- to descendants of a group that was historically its mortal
- enemy. Beyond that, scholars note, tribes varied widely in their
- treatment of the dead; for some, the spirit left the remains,
- while for others, the spirit is still with the bones.
- </p>
- <p> Nevertheless, common sense argues for wider acceptance of
- the Smithsonian's accord, even at the risk of some loss to
- scholarship. As Harjo notes, the agreement applies "modern
- standards of ethics to yesterday's abuses." And it may help
- forestall the future desecration of lands that others hold
- sacred in memory.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
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